2022年5月26日

阿含部經_T21n0099《雜阿含經》282經:不聽不見非六根清淨※

經文:

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有個故事或稱作比喻,我小時候聽法師講過好幾遍。
他都這麼說:
佛經記載,有一些(外道)修行人在佛面前,
誇嘆自己跟的師父居住深山茅蓬,疏離人群,眼不看女色、耳不聞器樂歌唱。
佛陀就說:
「眼耳不碰聲色就以為有修持的話,那麼,瞎子、聾子便是大修行人,
 他們自出生從未接觸不如法。」
真正的覺悟者,應當是無論在什麼境界,皆不起煩惱(貪嗔痴)...
事實情形可能是:
不是他們沒慾望,才住在沒誘惑的地方,
而是他們住在沒誘惑的地方,才講自心不起慾望...

雖然法師沒講經名、不道出人名,但我覺得他說法依據,應該是這部282經。
以下是我非常約略的翻譯(參考張西鎮<雜阿含經講解卷第11>),
或許過於簡單,難免疏漏之處:

某年月日,佛陀住在迦微伽羅牟真鄰陀林中,
有位名叫鬱多羅的少年,是婆羅門波羅奢那的弟子。
他來佛陀住處,向佛陀恭敬問訊後,退坐一邊。

這時,佛陀告訴鬱多羅:「你的老師波羅奢那有為你們講說怎樣修『六根清淨』?」
鬱多羅回答佛陀:「我的老師波羅奢那說:『眼不見色,耳不聽聲,這就叫修根了。』」
佛陀告訴鬱多羅:
「如果像你老師波羅奢那所說的修法,
 那麼瞎子不就是『六根清淨』了嗎?為什麼呢?因為只有瞎子的眼睛才不會看見色境。」
正站在佛陀身後,為佛搧風的阿難告訴鬱多羅說:
「如照波羅奢那所說的修法,那麼耳聾的人不就『六根清淨』了嗎?
 為什麼呢?因為只有耳聾的人耳朵才不會聽到聲音。」

佛陀告訴阿難說:
「這(波羅奢那)是不同於賢聖者正法、戒律,無上修習『六根清淨』的方法。」
「阿難,要仔細地聽啊!好好地思考!我為你們解說,以眼根為例:
 眼睛見到色境(物質),產生認識作用時,會產生煩惱,當眼睛
 1. 遇到可意(喜歡)的色境(起貪念),修如來(佛)所教的厭離,起正念、正知(後面解說);
 2. 遇到可意(不喜歡)的色境(起嗔念),修如來所教的不厭離,起正念、正知;
 3. 遇到可意又不可意的色境(起貪、嗔),修如來所教的厭離和不厭離,起正念、正知;
 4. 遇到不可意又可意的色境(起嗔、貪),修如來所教的不厭離和厭離,起正念、正知;
 5. 遇到不可意、可意、可不可意(不管喜歡、不喜歡、喜歡和不喜歡的感覺交錯)的色境,
  (起貪、嗔、痴,)修如來所教的厭離和不厭離的捨心(平等心),起正念、正知。
 又,內心善於調伏、善於關閉、善於守護、善於攝持(這些差不多是根律儀、密護諸根門),
 這即是眼根清淨,以類推到耳鼻舌身意,
 就是賢聖者正法、戒律,無上修習『六根清淨』的方法。」

阿難問(問目標、問成果):「覺悟者的『六根清淨』境界為何?」
佛陀說:
「六根(眼耳鼻舌身意)接觸可意,不可意,可意不可意的六境(色生香味觸法),
 不起貪、嗔、痴。便是有如來的厭離、不厭離、捨心(平等心)。」

阿難問(問過程):「弟子從凡夫到聖者修學『六根清淨』的經過呢?」
佛陀說:
「六根接觸六境,生起意,不可意,可意不可意時,要產生慚愧心。...
 詳說如『篋毒蛇經』一樣。」

「...」是因為重複前述經文,起慚愧、修如來所教的厭離、不厭離,捨心、
起正念、正知、持根律儀,斷貪、嗔、痴。

簡言之,
第一部分,如何「六根清淨」,分別什麼是錯的方法跟對的方法;
第二部分,談成果,「六根清淨」是怎樣的境界;
第三部分,談過程,「六根清淨」從零分到滿分。


*****
經文裡面並沒有提到貪嗔痴,我為什麼這樣翻白話呢?
獅子吼站言:此經可對比南傳《增支部尼柯耶》集5第144經(註1)。
以下是部分經文:
 比丘們!比丘緣於什麼利益應該在不厭逆上住於厭逆想呢?
  『不要我在能被染的法上生起貪。』
  比丘們!比丘緣於這個利益應該在不厭逆上住於厭逆想。
 
 比丘們!比丘緣於什麼利益應該在厭逆上住於不厭逆想呢?
 『不要我在能被瞋的法上生起瞋。』
 比丘緣於這個利益應該在厭逆上住於不厭逆想。
 ...
 比丘們!比丘緣於什麼利益應該在厭逆與不厭逆兩者上都避免後住於平靜,具念、正知呢?
 『無論何處、無論如何、無論何事,不要我在能被染的法上生起貪;
  無論何處、無論如何、無論何事,不要我在能被瞋的法上生起瞋;
  無論何處、無論如何、無論何事,不要我在能被變癡的法上生起癡。』


其次,經文裡的「正念、正知」是什麼?
《成佛之道》193頁「密護於根門」:
 這並不是不見色,不聞聲,而是在見了聞了時,能『制而不隨』煩惱轉
 如見美色而不起淫意,見錢財而不作非分想。這要有正知、正念才得。
 ◎正知:對於外來的境界,或內心的境界,要能正確認識他的危險性,是好是壞。
 ◎正念:對於正知的,時時警覺,時時留意。
 ※如沒有正知,外境現前,心隨煩惱轉,認賊作父,
  歡迎都來不及,那怎麼能制伏劫功德賊呢?
 ※如沒有正念,時時忘失,如小偷進門,大箱小籠搬了走,
  還呼呼的熟睡,沒有發覺,那怎能制伏呢?
 能謹密的守護根門,才能止惡,才能惡法漸伏,功德日增。
 說修行,在平常日用中,要從這些地方著力!

這就是持根律儀的做法。
而我認為《是情緒糟,不是你很糟(The Mindful Way through Depression)》(註2)一書中,
104頁的故事,順便讀來一併思考。
有一新比丘學習靜坐(現在常說的冥想),請教上師。
上師說:
「明天從早上坐到黃昏,什麼都不要想,盡你所能趕走念頭。
 下次來,告訴我,你做得如何。」
新比丘盡了一切努力,內心大喊「滾開」、跳上跳下、摒住呼吸、搖晃腦袋,
完全不見成效,而且他這才知道,原來他心中有這麼多想法。
當夜,他很失望地告訴上師,這一天他經歷了什麼。
上師笑一笑說:
「很好,你很努力,做得不錯,明天你再坐一天,
 這次是從頭到尾什麼事都想,但千萬別讓想法與想法之間出現縫隙。」
新比丘好開心,這太簡單了,這不就是我昨天狀況嗎,我一定會成功。

翌日,新比丘一件件事去想,他發現沒有他想像的順利,
正在想的事情,突然間消失不見,而且,漸漸地他開始找不到事情可以想。
於是,他又失敗了。當晚,他向上師報告始末。
上師大笑:「恭喜你,你現在知道怎麼修行了。」

上師高興原因是新徒弟了解:人沒有辦法強迫大腦(沒有念頭或抓住某一念頭不放)。
既不要制止念頭不起,也不要隨著念頭起舞。
而修根律儀,可先從練習靜坐,學會像旁觀者一樣觀察念頭開始。
 

*****
經中,「正念、正知」,我想,它就等於「根律儀」,
在那後面的厭離、不厭離、捨心之斷貪、嗔、痴...
像前一部281經,是修四念處、七覺支;像1171經,則修四念處。
若依照《瑜伽師地論》卷92(註3)講解此經,
則是以無常想對治可意、慈心對治不可意、無相定對治可不可意。皆可作為參考。



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不聽不見非六根清淨,接觸境界,持根律儀,乃至不起貪、瞋、痴才是。
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註2:《是情緒糟,不是你很糟(The Mindful Way through Depression)》104頁的英文內容:
In a time-honored story set in an ancient Himalayan kingdom, 
a nov­ice monk was excited at the prospect of meeting his teacher for the first time.  
He was on fire with questions but sensed that this was not the time to ask them. 
Instead, he listened carefully to the teacher's instructions. They were brief and to the point.  
"Get up early tomorrow and climb to a cave you'll find at the top of this mountain. 
Sit from dawn to dusk and have no thoughts.  Use any method you wish to banish thought. 
When the day is over,  come and  tell  me  how  it went." 
At dawn the next day the novice found the cave, made himself comfortable, and waited for his mind to settle.  
He thought that if he sat long enough it would become blank. Instead, his mind was crowded with thoughts.  
Soon he started to worry about failing the task he had been set. He tried to force the thoughts out of his mind, but that just produced more thoughts. 
He shouted at them to "Go away," but the words echoed noisily in the cave.  He jumped up and down, held his breath, shook his head.  Nothing seemed to work.  He'd never known such a bombardment of thoughts in his life. 
At the end of the day, he climbed back down, completely dispir­ited, wondering what his teacher's response would be. 
Perhaps he'd be dismissed as a failure, unsuitable for further training.  But the teacher just burst out laughing at the tale of his mental and physical gymnas­tics.  
"Very good!  You have tried really hard and done well. 
Tomorrow You should go back to the cave.  Sit from dawn to dusk having nothing but thoughts.  
Think of anything you  like all  day long,  but  allow no gaps to occur between your thoughts." 
The novice was really pleased. This would be easy. He was bound to succeed. 
After all, "having thoughts" is what had been happening to him all day. 
The next day saw him climbing with confidence up to his cave and taking his seat. 
After a little while he realized that all was not well. His thoughts started to slow down.  
Occasionally, a pleasant thought would come to mind and he would decide to follow it for a while. 
But soon it dried up. 
He tried to think grand thoughts, philosophical specu­lations, to worry about the state of the universe. Anything. 
He started to run low on things to think about and even got a little bored. 
Where had all his thinking gone?  Soon the "best" thoughts he could get seemed a little worn, like an old coat that had become threadbare. 
Then he noticed gaps in his thinking.  
Oh dear, this was what he had been told to avoid. Another failure. 
At the end of the day, he felt pretty wretched. He'd failed again. 
He  climbed  down  the  mountain  and  went  to  find  his  teacher,  who 
burst out laughing again.  
"Congratulations!  Wonderful!  Now you know how to practice perfectly." 
He didn't understand why the teacher was so pleased.  What on earth had he learn ed? 
The teacher was pleased because the novice was now ready to rec­ognize something of real significance: You cannot force the mind.  
And if you try to, you won't like what comes of it. 


http://mahabodhi.org/yoga/cb/92.htm
相對於這一切五轉,隨所相應,應當正確思惟三種對治。
一、無常想,於弟子眾一向行於正行,稱可如來心意,
  能令佛生起悅意,由思惟無常想不生愛染。
二、慈悲心,對一向邪行弟子眾,不稱可如來心意,能令佛生不悅之心,
  由慈悲心不被瞋恚染污。
三、無相定,佛不執著弟子眾行於正行所生起的悅意心,
  也不執著眾弟子於邪行境界而轉所生起的不悅意心,由無相定,無有所執故無染污。
由於這三種對治,隨所相應的,應該知道它的相貌。


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參考資料: